• • • Nanotechnology (' nanotech') is manipulation of matter on an,, and scale. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the, which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100. This definition reflects the fact that effects are important at this scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold. It is therefore common to see the plural form 'nanotechnologies' as well as 'nanoscale technologies' to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size. Because of the variety of potential applications (including industrial and military), governments have invested billions of dollars in nanotechnology research. Until 2012, through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, the USA has invested $3.7 billion, the European Union has invested $1.2 billion and Japan has $750 million. Nanotechnology as defined by size is naturally very broad, including fields of science as diverse as,,,,,,, etc. The associated research and applications are equally diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional to completely new approaches based upon, from developing with dimensions on the nanoscale to. There's an unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence of scientists dedicated to the study of a world so small, we can't see it -- even with a light microscope. That world is the field of nanotechnology, the realm of atoms and nanostructures. Nanotechnology is so new, no one is really sure what will come of it. Companies have developed nanotech solar cells that can be manufactured at significantly lower cost than conventional solar cells. Check out our. Scientists currently debate the future. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of, such as in,, energy production, and consumer products. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special is warranted. Comparison of Nanomaterials Sizes Inspired by Feynman's concepts, used the term 'nanotechnology' in his 1986 book, which proposed the idea of a nanoscale 'assembler' which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity with atomic control. Also in 1986, Drexler co-founded (with which he is no longer affiliated) to help increase public awareness and understanding of nanotechnology concepts and implications. Thus, emergence of nanotechnology as a field in the 1980s occurred through convergence of Drexler's theoretical and public work, which developed and popularized a conceptual framework for nanotechnology, and high-visibility experimental advances that drew additional wide-scale attention to the prospects of atomic control of matter. Since 1991 Nanotec has manufactured and supplied High Performance Stepping motors, BLDC, Stepper driven linear actuators, and Controls to OEM's worldwide. Nanotechnology is an expected future manufacturing technology that will make most products lighter, stronger, cleaner, less expensive and more precise. Bienvenue sur le site Nanotech. Omniprésents dans la vie quotidienne, les produits microtechniques sont encore susceptibles de miniaturisation plus poussée. Cette miniaturisation passant par la maîtrise des technologies micrométriques et nanométriques, cette formation a pour objectif de former des ingénieurs ayant une. In the 1980s, two major breakthroughs sparked the growth of nanotechnology in modern era. First, the invention of the in 1981 which provided unprecedented visualization of individual atoms and bonds, and was successfully used to manipulate individual atoms in 1989. The microscope's developers and at received a in 1986. Binnig, and Gerber also invented the analogous that year. Buckminsterfullerene C 60, also known as the, is a representative member of the known as. Members of the fullerene family are a major subject of research falling under the nanotechnology umbrella. Second, were discovered in 1985 by,, and, who together won the 1996. C 60 was not initially described as nanotechnology; the term was used regarding subsequent work with related tubes (called and sometimes called Bucky tubes) which suggested potential applications for nanoscale electronics and devices. In the early 2000s, the field garnered increased scientific, political, and commercial attention that led to both controversy and progress. Controversies emerged regarding the definitions and potential implications of nanotechnologies, exemplified by the 's report on nanotechnology. Challenges were raised regarding the feasibility of applications envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, which culminated in a public debate between Drexler and Smalley in 2001 and 2003. Meanwhile, commercialization of products based on advancements in nanoscale technologies began emerging. These products are limited to bulk applications of and do not involve atomic control of matter. Some examples include the platform for using as an antibacterial agent, -based transparent sunscreens, strengthening using silica nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes for stain-resistant textiles. Governments moved to promote and into nanotechnology, such as in the U.S. With the, which formalized a size-based definition of nanotechnology and established funding for research on the nanoscale, and in Europe via the European. By the mid-2000s new and serious scientific attention began to flourish. Projects emerged to produce nanotechnology roadmaps which center on atomically precise manipulation of matter and discuss existing and projected capabilities, goals, and applications. Fundamental concepts Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products. One (nm) is one billionth, or 10 −9, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon, or the spacing between these in a, are in the range 0.12–0.15 nm, and a double-helix has a diameter around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest life-forms, the bacteria of the genus, are around 200 nm in length. By convention, nanotechnology is taken as the scale range 1 to 100 nm following the definition used by the National Nanotechnology Initiative in the US. The lower limit is set by the size of atoms (hydrogen has the smallest atoms, which are approximately a quarter of a nm diameter) since nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and molecules. The upper limit is more or less arbitrary but is around the size below which phenomena not observed in larger structures start to become apparent and can be made use of in the nano device. These new phenomena make nanotechnology distinct from devices which are merely miniaturised versions of an equivalent device; such devices are on a larger scale and come under the description of. To put that scale in another context, the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth. Or another way of putting it: a nanometer is the amount an average man's beard grows in the time it takes him to raise the razor to his face. Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the 'bottom-up' approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which chemically by principles of. In the 'top-down' approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control. Areas of physics such as,, and have evolved during the last few decades to provide a basic scientific foundation of nanotechnology. Larger to smaller: a materials perspective. Main article: Several phenomena become pronounced as the size of the system decreases. These include effects, as well as effects, for example the ' size effect' where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. This effect does not come into play by going from macro to micro dimensions. However, quantum effects can become significant when the nanometer size range is reached, typically at distances of 100 nanometers or less, the so-called. Additionally, a number of physical (mechanical, electrical, optical, etc.) properties change when compared to macroscopic systems. One example is the increase in surface area to volume ratio altering mechanical, thermal and catalytic properties of materials. Diffusion and reactions at nanoscale, nanostructures materials and nanodevices with fast ion transport are generally referred to nanoionics. Mechanical properties of nanosystems are of interest in the nanomechanics research. The catalytic activity of nanomaterials also opens potential risks in their interaction with. Materials reduced to the nanoscale can show different properties compared to what they exhibit on a macroscale, enabling unique applications. For instance, opaque substances can become transparent (copper); stable materials can turn combustible (aluminium); insoluble materials may become soluble (gold). A material such as gold, which is chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent chemical at nanoscales. Much of the fascination with nanotechnology stems from these quantum and surface phenomena that matter exhibits at the nanoscale. Simple to complex: a molecular perspective. Main article: Modern has reached the point where it is possible to prepare small molecules to almost any structure. These methods are used today to manufacture a wide variety of useful chemicals such as or commercial. This ability raises the question of extending this kind of control to the next-larger level, seeking methods to assemble these single molecules into consisting of many molecules arranged in a well defined manner. These approaches utilize the concepts of molecular self-assembly and/or to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation through a approach. The concept of molecular recognition is especially important: molecules can be designed so that a specific configuration or arrangement is favored due to. The Watson–Crick rules are a direct result of this, as is the specificity of an being targeted to a single, or the specific itself. Thus, two or more components can be designed to be complementary and mutually attractive so that they make a more complex and useful whole. Such bottom-up approaches should be capable of producing devices in parallel and be much cheaper than top-down methods, but could potentially be overwhelmed as the size and complexity of the desired assembly increases. Most useful structures require complex and thermodynamically unlikely arrangements of atoms. Nevertheless, there are many examples of self-assembly based on molecular recognition in, most notably Watson–Crick basepairing and enzyme-substrate interactions. The challenge for nanotechnology is whether these principles can be used to engineer new constructs in addition to natural ones. Molecular nanotechnology: a long-term view. Main article: Molecular nanotechnology, sometimes called molecular manufacturing, describes engineered nanosystems (nanoscale machines) operating on the molecular scale. Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with the, a machine that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of. Manufacturing in the context of is not related to, and should be clearly distinguished from, the conventional technologies used to manufacture nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles. When the term 'nanotechnology' was independently coined and popularized by (who at the time was unaware of an by Norio Taniguchi) it referred to a future manufacturing technology based on systems. The premise was that molecular scale biological analogies of traditional machine components demonstrated molecular machines were possible: by the countless examples found in biology, it is known that sophisticated, optimised can be produced. It is hoped that developments in nanotechnology will make possible their construction by some other means, perhaps using principles. However, Drexler and other researchers have proposed that advanced nanotechnology, although perhaps initially implemented by biomimetic means, ultimately could be based on mechanical engineering principles, namely, a manufacturing technology based on the mechanical functionality of these components (such as gears, bearings, motors, and structural members) that would enable programmable, positional assembly to atomic specification. The physics and engineering performance of exemplar designs were analyzed in Drexler's book Nanosystems. In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale, as one has to position atoms on other atoms of comparable size and stickiness. Another view, put forth by Carlo Montemagno, is that future nanosystems will be hybrids of silicon technology and biological molecular machines. Richard Smalley argued that mechanosynthesis are impossible due to the difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules. This led to an exchange of letters in the publication in 2003. Though biology clearly demonstrates that molecular machine systems are possible, non-biological molecular machines are today only in their infancy. Leaders in research on non-biological molecular machines are Dr. And his colleagues at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories and UC Berkeley. They have constructed at least three distinct molecular devices whose motion is controlled from the desktop with changing voltage: a nanotube, a molecular actuator, and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator. See for more examples. An experiment indicating that positional molecular assembly is possible was performed by Ho and Lee at in 1999. They used a scanning tunneling microscope to move an individual carbon monoxide molecule (CO) to an individual iron atom (Fe) sitting on a flat silver crystal, and chemically bound the CO to the Fe by applying a voltage. Current research. This device transfers energy from nano-thin layers of to above them, causing the nanocrystals to emit visible light. Nanomaterials The nanomaterials field includes subfields which develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions. • has given rise to many materials which may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and various nanoparticles and. Nanomaterials with fast ion transport are related also to nanoionics and nanoelectronics. • Nanoscale materials can also be used for bulk applications; most present commercial applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor. • Progress has been made in using these materials for medical applications; see. • Nanoscale materials such as are sometimes used in which combats the cost of traditional solar cells. • Development of applications incorporating semiconductor to be used in the next generation of products, such as display technology, lighting, solar cells and biological imaging; see. • Recent application of include a range of applications, such as,, and. Bottom-up approaches These seek to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies. • DNA nanotechnology utilizes the specificity of Watson–Crick basepairing to construct well-defined structures out of DNA and other. • Approaches from the field of 'classical' chemical synthesis (Inorganic and ) also aim at designing molecules with well-defined shape (e.g. • More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of supramolecular chemistry, and molecular recognition in particular, to cause single-molecule components to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation. • tips can be used as a nanoscale 'write head' to deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called. This technique fits into the larger subfield of. • allows for bottom up assemblies of materials, most notably semiconductor materials commonly used in chip and computing applications, stacks, gating, and. Top-down approaches These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly. • Many technologies that descended from conventional for fabricating are now capable of creating features smaller than 100 nm, falling under the definition of nanotechnology. -based hard drives already on the market fit this description, as do (ALD) techniques. And received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2007 for their discovery of Giant magnetoresistance and contributions to the field of spintronics. • Solid-state techniques can also be used to create devices known as or NEMS, which are related to or MEMS. • can directly remove material, or even deposit material when suitable precursor gasses are applied at the same time. For example, this technique is used routinely to create sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis in. • Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale 'write head' to deposit a resist, which is then followed by an etching process to remove material in a top-down method. Functional approaches These seek to develop components of a desired functionality without regard to how they might be assembled. • Magnetic assembly for the synthesis of anisotropic superparamagnetic materials such as recently presented. • seeks to develop molecules with useful electronic properties. These could then be used as single-molecule components in a nanoelectronic device. For an example see rotaxane. • Synthetic chemical methods can also be used to create, such as in a so-called. Biomimetic approaches • or seeks to apply biological methods and systems found in nature, to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. Is one example of the systems studied. • is the use of for applications in nanotechnology, including use of viruses and lipid assemblies. Is a potential bulk-scale application. Speculative These subfields seek to what inventions nanotechnology might yield, or attempt to propose an agenda along which inquiry might progress. These often take a big-picture view of nanotechnology, with more emphasis on its societal implications than the details of how such inventions could actually be created. • Molecular nanotechnology is a proposed approach which involves manipulating single molecules in finely controlled, deterministic ways. This is more theoretical than the other subfields, and many of its proposed techniques are beyond current capabilities. • centers on self-sufficient machines of some functionality operating at the nanoscale. There are hopes for applying nanorobots in medicine, but it may not be easy to do such a thing because of several drawbacks of such devices. Nevertheless, progress on innovative materials and methodologies has been demonstrated with some patents granted about new nanomanufacturing devices for future commercial applications, which also progressively helps in the development towards nanorobots with the use of embedded nanobioelectronics concepts. • Productive nanosystems are 'systems of nanosystems' which will be complex nanosystems that produce atomically precise parts for other nanosystems, not necessarily using novel nanoscale-emergent properties, but well-understood fundamentals of manufacturing. Because of the discrete (i.e. Atomic) nature of matter and the possibility of exponential growth, this stage is seen as the basis of another industrial revolution., one of the architects of the USA's National Nanotechnology Initiative, has proposed four states of nanotechnology that seem to parallel the technical progress of the Industrial Revolution, progressing from passive nanostructures to active nanodevices to complex and ultimately to productive nanosystems. • seeks to design materials whose properties can be easily, reversibly and externally controlled though a fusion of and. • Due to the popularity and media exposure of the term nanotechnology, the words and have been coined in analogy to it, although these are only used rarely and informally. Dimensionality in nanomaterials Nanomaterials can be classified in 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D. The dimensionality play a major role in determining the characteristic of nanomaterials including, and characteristics. With the decrease in dimensionality, an increase in surface-to-volume ratio is observed. This indicate that smaller dimensional have higher surface area compared to 3D nanomaterials. Recently, are extensively investigated for,, and applications. Tools and techniques. Typical setup. A microfabricated with a sharp tip is deflected by features on a sample surface, much like in a but on a much smaller scale. A beam reflects off the backside of the cantilever into a set of, allowing the deflection to be measured and assembled into an image of the surface. There are several important modern developments. The (AFM) and the (STM) are two early versions of scanning probes that launched nanotechnology. There are other types of. Although conceptually similar to the scanning developed by in 1961 and the (SAM) developed by and coworkers in the 1970s, newer scanning probe microscopes have much higher resolution, since they are not limited by the wavelength of sound or light. The tip of a scanning probe can also be used to manipulate nanostructures (a process called positional assembly). Methodology may be a promising way to implement these nanomanipulations in automatic mode. However, this is still a slow process because of low scanning velocity of the microscope. Various techniques of nanolithography such as,, dip pen nanolithography, or were also developed. Lithography is a top-down fabrication technique where a bulk material is reduced in size to nanoscale pattern. Another group of nanotechnological techniques include those used for fabrication of and, those used in semiconductor fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam machining, nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer deposition, and molecular vapor deposition, and further including molecular self-assembly techniques such as those employing di-block copolymers. The precursors of these techniques preceded the nanotech era, and are extensions in the development of scientific advancements rather than techniques which were devised with the sole purpose of creating nanotechnology and which were results of nanotechnology research. The top-down approach anticipates nanodevices that must be built piece by piece in stages, much as manufactured items are made. Scanning probe microscopy is an important technique both for characterization and synthesis of nanomaterials. Atomic force microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes can be used to look at surfaces and to move atoms around. By designing different tips for these microscopes, they can be used for carving out structures on surfaces and to help guide self-assembling structures. By using, for example, feature-oriented scanning approach, atoms or molecules can be moved around on a surface with scanning probe microscopy techniques. At present, it is expensive and time-consuming for mass production but very suitable for laboratory experimentation. In contrast, bottom-up techniques build or grow larger structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule. These techniques include chemical synthesis, and positional assembly. Is one tool suitable for characterisation of self assembled thin films. Another variation of the bottom-up approach is or MBE. Researchers at like John R. Cho, and Art C. Gossard developed and implemented MBE as a research tool in the late 1960s and 1970s. Samples made by MBE were key to the discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect for which the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded. MBE allows scientists to lay down atomically precise layers of atoms and, in the process, build up complex structures. Important for research on semiconductors, MBE is also widely used to make samples and devices for the newly emerging field of. However, new therapeutic products, based on responsive nanomaterials, such as the ultradeformable, stress-sensitive vesicles, are under development and already approved for human use in some countries. Main article: As of August 21, 2008, the estimates that over 800 manufacturer-identified nanotech products are publicly available, with new ones hitting the market at a pace of 3–4 per week. The project lists all of the products in a publicly accessible online database. Most applications are limited to the use of 'first generation' passive nanomaterials which includes titanium dioxide in sunscreen, cosmetics, surface coatings, and some food products; Carbon allotropes used to produce; silver in food packaging, clothing, disinfectants and household appliances; zinc oxide in sunscreens and cosmetics, surface coatings, paints and outdoor furniture varnishes; and cerium oxide as a fuel catalyst. Further applications allow to last longer, to fly straighter, and even to become more durable and have a harder surface. And have been infused with nanotechnology so that they will last longer and keep people cool in the summer. Are being infused with silver nanoparticles to heal cuts faster. And may become cheaper, faster, and contain more memory thanks to nanotechnology. Also, to build structures for on chip computing with light, for example on chip optical quantum information processing, and picosecond transmission of information. Nanotechnology may have the ability to make existing medical applications cheaper and easier to use in places like the 's office and at home. Cars are being manufactured with so they may need fewer and less to operate in the future. Scientists are now turning to nanotechnology in an attempt to develop diesel engines with cleaner exhaust fumes. Platinum is currently used as the diesel engine in these engines. The catalyst is what cleans the exhaust fume particles. First a reduction catalyst is employed to take nitrogen atoms from NOx molecules in order to free oxygen. Next the oxidation catalyst oxidizes the hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide and water. Platinum is used in both the reduction and the oxidation catalysts. Using platinum though, is inefficient in that it is expensive and unsustainable. Danish company InnovationsFonden invested DKK 15 million in a search for new catalyst substitutes using nanotechnology. The goal of the project, launched in the autumn of 2014, is to maximize surface area and minimize the amount of material required. Objects tend to minimize their surface energy; two drops of water, for example, will join to form one drop and decrease surface area. If the catalyst's surface area that is exposed to the exhaust fumes is maximized, efficiency of the catalyst is maximized. The team working on this project aims to create nanoparticles that will not merge. Every time the surface is optimized, material is saved. Thus, creating these nanoparticles will increase the effectiveness of the resulting diesel engine catalyst—in turn leading to cleaner exhaust fumes—and will decrease cost. If successful, the team hopes to reduce platinum use by 25%. Nanotechnology also has a prominent role in the fast developing field of. When designing scaffolds, researchers attempt to the mimic the nanoscale features of a 's microenvironment to direct its differentiation down a suitable lineage. For example, when creating scaffolds to support the growth of bone, researchers may mimic. Researchers have successfully used -based nanobots capable of carrying out logic functions to achieve targeted drug delivery in cockroaches. It is said that the computational power of these nanobots can be scaled up to that of a. Main article: An area of concern is the effect that industrial-scale manufacturing and use of nanomaterials would have on human health and the environment, as suggested by research. For these reasons, some groups advocate that nanotechnology be regulated by governments. Others counter that overregulation would stifle scientific research and the development of beneficial innovations. Research agencies, such as the are actively conducting research on potential health effects stemming from exposures to nanoparticles. Some nanoparticle products may have. Researchers have discovered that silver nanoparticles used in socks to reduce foot odor are being released in the wash. These particles are then flushed into the waste water stream and may destroy bacteria which are critical components of natural ecosystems, farms, and waste treatment processes. Public deliberations on in the US and UK carried out by the Center for Nanotechnology in Society found that participants were more positive about nanotechnologies for energy applications than for health applications, with health applications raising moral and ethical dilemmas such as cost and availability. Experts, including director of the Woodrow Wilson Center's Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies David Rejeski, have testified that successful commercialization depends on adequate oversight, risk research strategy, and public engagement. Is currently the only city in the United States to regulate nanotechnology; in 2008 considered enacting a similar law, but ultimately rejected it. Relevant for both research on and application of nanotechnologies, the of nanotechnology is contested. Without state, the availability of private insurance for potential damages is seen as necessary to ensure that burdens are not socialised implicitly. Health and environmental concerns. Main articles: and Nanofibers are used in several areas and in different products, in everything from aircraft wings to tennis rackets. Inhaling airborne nanoparticles and nanofibers may lead to a number of, e.g.. Researchers have found that when rats breathed in nanoparticles, the particles settled in the brain and lungs, which led to significant increases in biomarkers for inflammation and stress response and that nanoparticles induce skin aging through oxidative stress in hairless mice. A two-year study at UCLA's School of Public Health found lab mice consuming nano-titanium dioxide showed DNA and chromosome damage to a degree 'linked to all the big killers of man, namely cancer, heart disease, neurological disease and aging'. A major study published more recently in suggests some forms of carbon nanotubes – a poster child for the 'nanotechnology revolution' – could be as harmful as if inhaled in sufficient quantities. Of the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Edinburgh, Scotland, who contributed to the article on said 'We know that some of them probably have the potential to cause mesothelioma. So those sorts of materials need to be handled very carefully.' In the absence of specific regulation forthcoming from governments, Paull and Lyons (2008) have called for an exclusion of engineered nanoparticles in food. A newspaper article reports that workers in a paint factory developed serious lung disease and nanoparticles were found in their lungs. Main article: Calls for tighter regulation of nanotechnology have occurred alongside a growing debate related to the human health and safety risks of nanotechnology. There is significant debate about who is responsible for the regulation of nanotechnology. Some regulatory agencies currently cover some nanotechnology products and processes (to varying degrees) – by 'bolting on' nanotechnology to existing regulations – there are clear gaps in these regimes. Davies (2008) has proposed a regulatory road map describing steps to deal with these shortcomings. Stakeholders concerned by the lack of a regulatory framework to assess and control risks associated with the release of nanoparticles and nanotubes have drawn parallels with ('mad cow' disease),, genetically modified food, nuclear energy, reproductive technologies, biotechnology, and. Andrew Maynard, chief science advisor to the Woodrow Wilson Center's Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, concludes that there is insufficient funding for human health and safety research, and as a result there is currently limited understanding of the human health and safety risks associated with nanotechnology. As a result, some academics have called for stricter application of the, with delayed marketing approval, enhanced labelling and additional safety data development requirements in relation to certain forms of nanotechnology. 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From the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2010. • 2012-08-25 at the. 2012-08-24 • Schinwald, A.; Murphy, F. A.; Prina-Mello, A.; Poland, C. A.; Byrne, F.; Movia, D.; Glass, J. R.; Dickerson, J. C.; Schultz, D. A.; Jeffree, C. E.; MacNee, W.; Donaldson, K. 'The Threshold Length for Fiber-Induced Acute Pleural Inflammation: Shedding Light on the Early Events in Asbestos-Induced Mesothelioma'. Toxicological Sciences. 128 (2): 461–470.. • 2012-11-04 at the. Scientific American. 2008-11-09 • Kevin Rollins (Nems Mems Works, LLC).. Volume 6 – Issue 2. From the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2010. • Bowman D, Hodge G (2006). 'Nanotechnology: Mapping the Wild Regulatory Frontier'. 38 (9): 1060–1073.. 2008-11-20 at the. 'Difficulties in evaluating public engagement initiatives: Reflections on an evaluation of the UK GM Nation? Public debate about transgenic crops'. Public Understanding of Science. 14 (4): 331–352.. • Maynard, A. Retrieved on 2008-11-24. May 29, 2008, at the. • Faunce, T.; Murray, K.; Nasu, H.; Bowman, D. 'Sunscreen Safety: The Precautionary Principle, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration and Nanoparticles in Sunscreens'. 2 (3): 231–240.. • Thomas Faunce; Katherine Murray; Hitoshi Nasu & Diana Bowman (24 July 2008). Springer Science + Business Media B.V. Retrieved 18 June 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: At, you can learn more and teach others about Nanotechnology at the • at Curlie (based on ) • (A Vega/BBC/OU Video Discussion). Shalleck Read March 2015 - Born 15 years ago with the National Nanotechnology Initiative, the nanotechnology dream continues through the Graphene World. 'Graphene applications will finally provide the long promised nanotech economic riches.' The Graphene World (applications of planar single atom thick Nano sized sheets of linked carbon atoms technology) to many scientists and investors is the new realizable Carbon Nanotube (CNT) World! If CNT's potentially were good but unrealizable; Graphene should be better and, from what we have learned, realizable! 'Look what we can do with them,' they say. The rush is on. But (pardon my English) it is déjà s-vu all over again. • Alex Adronov, McMaster University, Canada • Anil Patri, U.S. Food and Drug Administration • Anirudha V. Sumant, Argonne National Laboratory • Baratunde A. Cola, Carbice Nanotechnologies, Inc • Bede Pittenger, Bruker AXS • Brent M Segal, Lockheed Martin • Bruno Chaudret, Toulouse University, France • Cathy Tway, The Dow Chemical Company • Dalia Yablon, SurfaceChar LLC • David Rampulla, National Institute for Biomedical Imaging & Bioengineering (NIBIB) • David V. Morrissey, Intellia Therapeutics, Inc. Paul, The University of Texas at Austin • Dorothy F. • Kerstin Hund-Rinke, Fraunhofer IME, Germany • Laurent Levy, Nanobiotix SA, France • Liangbing Hu, University of Maryland • Linyou Cao, North Carolina State University • Lisa Friedersdorf, NNCO • Loucas Tsakalakos, GE Global Research • Mauro Ferrari, Houston Methodist Research Inst. Amiji, Northeastern University • Mark Hersam, Northwestern University • Michelle Bradbury, Cornell University • Misha Itkis, UCR • Nathan Gianneschi, UCSD • Nikhil A. Koratkar, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute • Oliver Brand, Georgia Institute of Technology • Patrick Malenfant, National Research Council of Canada • Phil Demokritou, Harvard School of Public Health • Philippe Serp, Institute National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France • Pierre Panine, Xenocs SA, France • Puja Sapra, Pfizer • Qing Cao, Thomas J. Watson Research Center • Rob Carpick, University of Pennsylvania • Richard Berry, CelluForce • Samuel Achilefu, Washington University School of Medicine • Sean Ireland, Fiberlean Technologies Ltd • Vicki Stone, Heriot-Watt University, Scotland • Wayne Hiebert, National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT), Canada • Wendel Wohlleben, BASF SE, Germany • World L-S Nieh, U.S. Forest Service.
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Original network Original run July 16, 2011 – October 1, 2011 Episodes 12 () The Mystic Archives of Dantalian ( ダンタリアンの書架, Dantalian no Shoka, alternate title Bibliotheca Mystica de Dantalian) is a Japanese series written by and illustrated by G-Yuusuke. The series started serialization in 's light novel magazine on February 29, 2008. A manga adaptation by started serialization in 's shōnen manga magazine on March 26, 2010. Another manga adaptation by Monaco Sena started serialization in 's seinen manga magazine on March 26, 2010. A 12-episode anime adaptation by aired between July and October, 2011. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • Plot [ ] This story takes place in after. After the death of his grandfather, Hugh Anthony Disward, also known as Huey, receives a mysterious key and according to his will, must take custody of the Bibliotheca Mystica de Dantalian in order to inherit his estate and all his possessions. Upon meeting Dalian, a child living at the estate, he learns that she is the guardian of the Archives which contain forbidden knowledge stored in thousands of magic books called 'Phantom Books' ( 幻書, gensho). Upon agreeing to become Dalian's new Keykeeper, Huey joins her into investigating incidents regarding people misusing the power of the Phantom Books, most of them with tragic consequences, and using his power as Keykeeper to seal the power of the Phantom Books and restore order to the area. Characters [ ] Dalian ( ダリアン, Darian) Voiced by: The Kuro no Yomihime ( 黒の読姫, literally 'black reading princess'), or Black Biblioprincess. She is a young girl with long black hair tinted purple and large dark pink eyes, and a metal box with a lock at her collar, where a ribbon would normally go. She is the custodian of the Bibliotheca Mystica de Dantalian housing 900,666 Phantom Books. In novel volume 1 chapter 4 Huey is looking for the library his grandfather left him, but can't find in his mansion. She asks him if he has heard of 'Vase World', of Chinese legend. She tells him that it eventually came into the possession of his grandfather. In the last pages of the chapter Huey learns that Dalian is the vase world, and inside her is contained the Bibliotheca Mystica de Dantalian. Because of this, she generally considers herself of great importance and believes herself to be more knowledgeable than most humans, even going so far as to praise others in a presumptuous manner when they exhibit more wisdom than she anticipated. She also has another self. She appears as the mysterious librarian inside the archives of the Bibliotheca Mystica de Dantalian. In the last episode of the anime television series, her 'other self' overlaps with the current one in an attempt to save Huey when he almost lost his conscience in the Bibliotheca Mystica de Dantalian. When asked a question that calls for a 'Yes' or 'No' answer, she will reply appropriately in English rather than Japanese. She is often seen as a judgmental and arbitrary character, which clashes with her unexpected weakness for sweets; whenever presented with something sweet, or the opportunity to eat something sweet, a small lock of her hair will flick out from the rest of her head. She and Huey appear to share a very formal and business-like, but in reality is a really lighthearted and caring, relationship. She is shown to be considerate of others but reluctant to show as much in a fashion style. Hugh Anthony Disward ( ヒュー・アンソニー・ディスワード, Hyū Ansonī Disuwādo) Voiced by: (Adult), (Young) Dalian's Keykeeper, also known as Huey. A young man with wavy dark blonde hair and sharp sapphire eyes, he is a former Pilot and the grandson of the previous Keykeeper Sir Wesley Disward, who left Huey the Bibliotheca Mystica de Dantalian and Dalian in his will. He is often seen as a calm and generally unfazed character who takes everything in stride, as he accepted his new-found responsibilities as the Keeper of the Bibliotheca Mystica de Dantalian without much question or argument. When he retrieves books from Dalian, he appears as a young child inside of the archives, speaking with a girl dressed in white with silver pigtails and purple eyes. Key + keeper. Keykeeper (plural keykeepers). The holder of a key. Retrieved from 'Categories: English compound words English lemmas English nouns English countable nouns. A mysterious girl who lives inside the Dantalian Library. The girl's nature is unclear. Her true name is not known, but she is Dalian's 'other self.' ; One thing is clear,though, which is that she and Huey share a keen personal relationship for reasons currently unknown. In the novel volume 2 chapter 9 of the arc 'The Pop-Up Book', it is revealed that the girl inside the library of Dantalian was Dalian; She was actually the one that entrusted the key to the young Huey when he got lost inside the archives. In there he promised her that one day he would take her to the outside world. In the last episode of the anime television series, the promise is kept on hold; Also, he still doesn't know that the girl inside the archives is actually Dalian 'other self.' He sees her as another individual person without knowing who she really is. Flamberge ( フランベルジュ, Furamberuju) Voiced by: The Gin no Yomihime ( 銀の読姫, literally 'silver reading princess') or Silver Biblioprincess, otherwise known as the custodian of the Long-Lost Library. She is often called just 'Flam' for short. She appears to be a girl in her teenage years, with long silver hair and sharp magenta eyes. She wears a white straitjacket with nine padlocks, although she says that she chose to wear it herself because she thought it 'matches Hal's tastes'. Flamberge, like Dalian, is a 'vase world', containing a library inside her. In contrast to Huey's technique of retrieving Phantom Books from Dalian, the method used by Hal to retrieve books from Flam in the novel is very similar but requires a bit more unwrapping. When he asks her 'Art thou mankind--?' She shakes her hair and laughs madly while he unwraps her, before answering. In the anime the retrieval is shown to be very raw, painful and less dignified. Flamberge is often seen as a very arrogant and unpleasantly blunt character, and enjoys harassing Hal by accusing him of having perverted tendencies or a dirty mind. But she is also described as having read fairy tales to Mabel Nash's younger sister in novel Volume 1 Chapter 5. Hal Kamhout ( ハル・カムホート, Haru Kamuhōto) Voiced by: Masayuki Katou Flamberge's Keykeeper. He has sharp blue eyes and long side-swept brown hair. He and Flam do not have a very good relationship, and he will often use the phrase 'Keep your mouth shut, you piece of junk' in response to Flam's endless accusations of him being a pervert, making it almost something of a catchphrase for him. In the novel, like Huey, he has a jewel embedded in the back of his right hand. When he uses it he also holds a bunch of golden keys, which he uses to unlock the locks of Flamberge's straitjacket. Rather than reading the Phantom Books he retrieves from the Long-Lost Library, he places them in the Staff of Surtr that he carries, and uses the book as fuel for the fire the staff produces, burning any Phantom Books he comes across along with the memories the current owner had in relation to them. Thus, because of this, he refers himself as a 'Libricide Officer'. He is often seen as a very serious and highly observant character, and appears to have highly advanced deduction and cognitive abilities. Raziel ( ラジエル, Rajieru) Voiced by: The Aka no Yomihime ( 赤の読姫, literally 'red reading princess') or Red Biblioprincess, otherwise known as the custodian of the Bibliotheca Razielis Archangeli. A girl with the appearance of a small child with short green hair. Her right eye is green [novel] or golden [anime], while her left eye is covered with a metal eyepatch of dark gray lustre, and a big keyhole in it. In the novels she is first seen in Volume 1 Special Chapter 1 - The Book of Dictators, by herself. In that chapter she frequently says 'How idiotic!' In the anime she is first seen in episode 11. She has a very strong sense of balance, and tends to leap very slowly and gracefully or twirl atop of furniture without much trouble. She will answer questions with 'Yes' or 'No' in German rather than Japanese. It seems that she doesn't have any issues with the Professor's intentions, and seems to enjoy watching his plans unfold. She has an uncannily calm persona, and doesn't show much consideration for typical human affairs, such as death, pain, destruction, and so on. She and Dalian appear to share a very vicious and spiteful relationship. Professor ( 教授, Kyōju) Voiced by: Raziel's Keykeeper. A man with long light blonde hair braided into a plait over his left shoulder, a mole on the lower left-hand corner of his mouth, and dark circles under his faded purple eyes. He was an old bartender at the camp Huey was assigned to during the war. His reason for contracting with Raziel is to create more Phantom Books and bring destruction wherever they go. It is indicated throughout the first anime season that he and Raziel gave out Phantom Books or manipulated people into creating more, causing mayhem both indirectly as well as directly. Outwardly he tends to look and act pleasantly but in reality he speaks and acts in a cold-blooded and arduous manner. Because Huey and Dalian's intentions with the Phantom Books are not like his own, he considers them a nuisance and attempts to kill them on several occasions. It is implied he has greater intentions than simply creating new Phantom Books, as he speaks of 'creating a new world.' Camilla Sauer Keynes ( カミラ・ザウアー・ケインズ, kamira Zauā Keinzu) Voiced by: A childhood friend of Huey, Camilla is a woman with large green eyes and bright blonde hair, which she keeps non-traditionally short, claiming it is a trend from the New World that will soon catch on. Similarly, she also dresses in fashions or 'trends' from across the globe, which she picked up while traveling. Dalian usually calls her a, and seems to harbor a dislike for Camilla, but she does not let this bother her and tries to get on Dalian's good side by presenting her with sweets, a weakness of Dalian's that she picked up on fairly quickly. She works as a teacher and runs a school for the neighborhood children. She seems to have some knowledge of the Phantom Books due to an incident with the Book of Wisdom and the Book of Equivalence. She is often seen as a very bright-spirited and cheery person, and she seems to be the least serious person in a dire situation; rather, her personality will become curiously confused or distraught. Armand Jeremiah ( アルマン・ジェレマイア, Aruman Jeremaia) Voiced by: A friend of Huey's, Armand is a man with short dark blond hair and meek dark purple eyes who was assigned to the same air base as Huey when they were both working as Air Force pilots during the war. His father is the owner of a famous shipbuilding company. Because Huey was his superior commanding officer during the war, he has a habit of calling him 'Lieutenant,' despite Huey's attempts to get him to drop the title. He seems to have some knowledge of the Phantom Books due to an incident when a courtesan he was infatuated with requested him to bring her the Salamander's Tablet (and he even used the Phantom Book himself while protecting her from a magician), as well as the Book of Relationship. He is often seen as a very dramatic and love-sick person, especially in the presence of his current crush. Jessica Elphinstone ( ジェシカ・エルフィンストン, Jeshika Erufinsuton) A student at the boarding school where Huey's aunt Ms. Rodean serves as the principal. Both first appear in novel Volume 4. At the end of the chapter Huey's aunt Ms. Rodean asks him if he has thought of marriage, and suggests Jessica to him. Media [ ] Light novels [ ] Between February 29, 2008 and February 28, 2011, eight light novels were serialized in. They were subsequently published under 's imprint, with the eighth volume released on July 1, 2011. Release date ISBN 1 November 1, 2008 • Chapter 1: Worship of Gourmet Food • Chapter 2: Pedigree • Chapter 3: The Book of Wisdom First appearance of Camilla Sauer Keynes. • Special Chapter 1: The Book of Dictators First appearance of this girl with a phantom book. She is not named and is not Dalian. Her description matches that of Raziel. Huey and Dalian do not appear in this chapter. • Chapter 4: The Turn-up Book, The Pop-up Book Huey inherits his grandfather's estate, including Dalian. • Special Chapter 2: The Lifetime Book • Chapter 5: The Book Burners First appearance of Hal Kamhout and Flamberge. Huey and Dalian do not appear in this chapter. • Author's Notes 2 January 1, 2009 • Chapter 1:Rose Princess • Chapter 2:Beauty Under the Moonlight, Queen of the Night • Special Chapter 1:The Lovers • Chapter 3:The Book of Equivalence • Chapter 4:The Book of Children • Special Chapter 2:Method to Win, The Gambler's Fallacy A young man addressed only as 'Professor'; his first appearance. A girl is with him. The only clue to her identity is her phrase 'Too stupid, too stupid', which mimics the phrase 'How idiotic!' Used by the girl in Volume 1 Special Chapter 1, and by Raziel. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. • (in Japanese).. Retrieved 2013-03-28. June 3, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2011. Anime News Network. June 15, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2011. Anime News Network. July 1, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2011. Anime News Network. July 7, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2011. November 11, 2016. • ^ (in Japanese). Archived from on July 10, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2011. • ^ (in Japanese). Archived from on August 10, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011. • ^ (in Japanese). Archived from on October 1, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2011. External links [ ] • (in Japanese) • (in Japanese) • (anime) at 's encyclopedia. SALE ENDED Prevent your keys from scratching up other things in your pocket or bag with this elegant silicone Key Keeper. Its smart design allows the flexible cover to retract as you insert your key into the lock. 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Ships Via Ups In one carton|||||| By accessing and using this web site, each user agrees that they have read and agreed to be bound by the governing this site. All the contents of this website are copyright by Snap-on Business Solutions, a Division of IDSC Holdings Inc. All rights reserved. The Toyota Symbol and Logotype and the Lexus Symbol and Logotype are the property of Toyota Motor Corporation. Using this web site and/or purchasing equipment from Snap-on Business Solutions does not provide authorization for use of any of Toyota's trademarks, which are reserved for Toyota and its franchised dealers.. DOWNLAOD LINK ===> From Foryoursoft: File Property Edit Pro is software for modifying file attributes. With the folder browse feature plus the drag and drop support you can easily add a group of files or directories and then change create time, modify time, last access time, and other file attributes and properties. 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See screenshots, read the latest customer reviews, and compare ratings for Simply Euchre. Surowy Modern Font - Veryandroid Sms Backup 2.3 Keygen 1217 Simply Euchre 1 0. 1-Free Download Simply Euchre 1 0. 1 Version Notes Manager v1. 01 Cracked-ITS0dAY: 7 Kb Versiown 2. Usher - Lessons for the Lover Available Platforms: Windows XP Recent Searches. A perfect loner hand for spades trump Origin Europe, Canada, South Africa Type Players 4 Skills required,, Cards 24-32 Deck Anglo-American Play Clockwise Card rank (highest to lowest) J (of ) J (of same color) A K Q 10 9, sometimes 8 7 Playing time 25 min. Random chance Medium Related games,, Euchre or eucre is a most commonly played with four people in two partnerships with a deck of 24, 28, or sometimes 32, standard. It is the game responsible for introducing the into modern packs; this was invented around 1860 to act as a top trump or best bower (from the German word Bauer, 'farmer', denoting also the ). It is believed to be closely related to the French game that was popularized in the United States by the and, and to the seventeenth-century game of bad repute. It may be sometimes referred to as Knock Euchre to distinguish it from. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Origins [ ] Euchre appears to have been introduced into the United States by the early German settlers of, and from that region gradually to have been disseminated throughout the nation. It has been more recently theorized that the game and its name derives from an eighteenth-century card game named Juckerspiel, a derivative of. Also, it may have been introduced by immigrants from, UK, where it remains a popular game. It is also played in the neighboring county of Devon; one theory is that it was introduced by French or American prisoners of war imprisoned in Dartmoor prison during the early 19th century. Is an ancestral form of Euchre. In the the only teaching of the game, except a few paragraphs in the late American editions of Hoyle's Games, and of Bonn's New Hand-Book of Games, is contained in The Game of Euchre; with its Laws, 32mo., Philadelphia, 1850, pp. 32, attributed to a late learned jurist. The game has declined in popularity since the 19th century, when it was widely regarded as the national card game, but it retains a strong following in some regions like the; especially the states of,,,,, and. In recent years, it has regained some popularity in the in the form of. It is also popular in the United States Navy. It is played differently from region to region and even within regions. In, the game is still very popular in and is commonly seen as a drinking game with tournaments often held by bars and community centers. The, the, and all have large followings of the game. Dealing [ ] Conventional euchre is a four-player game, wherein the players are paired to form two partnerships. Partners face each other from across the table so that the play of the cards in conventional order alternates between the two partnerships. Conventional euchre uses a deck of 24 standard consisting of A, K, Q, J, 10, and 9 of each of the four. A 52-card deck can be used, omitting the cards from 2 to 8, or a deck may be divided in half to form two euchre decks. Sometimes, a 32-card or deck is used, which includes the 8s and 7s. Each player is dealt five cards (or seven if using the 32-card deck) in clockwise order in two rounds. The cards may be dealt in whatever pattern the dealer chooses, as long as all cards are dealt two at a time or three at a time. A 'cut' is sometimes offered by the dealer where the player to the right of them is allowed to split the cards into two separate decks which are then stacked on top of each other after the shuffling but before dealing has begun. In some variations the cut must be requested and is usually done to make stacking the deck impossible as the dealer is not allowed to shuffle the deck once it has been cut. The remaining four cards are called the kitty and are placed face down in front of the dealer toward the center on the table. The top card of the kitty is then turned face up, and bidding begins. (In the 25 card version of the game, if the 'Benny' is turned up, the dealer calls a suit before anyone looks at their cards and picks it up. However some variations allow a normal bidding process to take place). The dealer asks each of the other players in turn if they would like the suit of the top card to be trump, which they indicate by saying 'pick it up' or 'pass' (knocking on the table is often substituted for vocalizing a pass). If the choice comes around to the dealer, the dealer can either pick the card up or flip it over. If the dealer acquires the top card (either by being ordered to pick it up or choosing to pick it up), the top card becomes part of the dealer's hand, who then discards a card to the kitty face down to return their hand to five cards. If no one orders up the top card and the dealer also chooses not to pick it up, each player is then given the opportunity, in turn, to call a different suit as trump. If no trump is selected, it is a misdeal, and the deal is passed clockwise (unless it was agreed upon to play stick the dealer, an option that involves forcing the dealer to choose a trump). When a suit is named trump, the jack in the suit of the same color as this trump suit becomes a powerful member of this trump suit. Then any card of that (expanded) suit outranks any card of a non-trump suit. The highest-ranking card in euchre is the Jack of the trump suit (called 'The Right Bower' or 'Right') then the other Jack of the same color, (called 'The Left Bower' or 'Left'). The cards are ranked, in descending order, J (of trump suit) J (same color as trump suit) A, K, Q, 10, and 9 of the trump suit. The remaining cards rank in the usual order (the off-color jacks are not special) and the cards of those suits rank from high to low as A, K, Q, J, 10, and 9. Example Assume a hand is dealt and that spades are named as trump. In this event, the trump cards are as follows, from highest-ranking to lowest: • of ( right bower) • Jack of ( left bower) • • of spades • of spades • 10 of spades • 9 of spades Here, the jack of clubs becomes a spade during the playing of this hand. This expands the trump suit to the seven cards named above and reduces the suit of the same color (sometimes referred to as the next suit) by one card (the jack is loaned to the trump suit). The same principles are observed for whatever suit is named trump. Remembering this temporary transfer of the next suit's jack is one of the principal difficulties newcomers have with the game of euchre. Once the above hand is finished, the jack of clubs ceases to be a spade and becomes a club again unless spades are again named as trump during the playing of the subsequent hand. Depending on regional or house rules, a player may steal the deal from the opposing team. To steal the deal, the partner of the previous dealer collects the cards, shuffles and deals as normal. If the opponent team does not notice that they have been skipped before dealing is finished then game play proceeds as normal. If the opponent team notices, they must say something which indicates this, and the deal is returned to the player who would normally deal next in the rotation. Normally there is no penalty for attempting to steal the deal, successful or not, and the next hand is dealt by the player to left of the player who stole the deal. In some variations especially in Canada any player may steal the deal and only if the player who has had the deal stolen from them calls this ruse are the cards returned to them, usually the deal is considered 'stolen' and cannot be returned once the card from the 'kitty' has been flipped face up. Deals may be 'stolen' as many times as possible and in any variation or order whether from your team mate or the opposing team. Play [ ] Overview, objective and scoring [ ] In euchre, naming trumps is sometimes referred to as making, calling, or declaring trump. When naming a suit, a player asserts that his or her partnership intends to win the majority of tricks in the hand. A single point is scored when the bid succeeds, and two points are scored if the team that declared trump takes all five tricks. A failure of the calling partnership to win three tricks is referred to as being euchred, set or 'bumped' and is penalized by giving the opposing partnership two points. A caller with exceptionally good cards can go alone, or take a loner hand, in which case he or she seeks to win all five tricks without a partner. The partner of a caller in a loner hand does not play, and if all five tricks are won by the caller the winning team scores 4 points. If only three or four of the tricks are taken while going alone, then only one point is scored. If euchred or set while playing alone, the opposing team still only receives 2 points. The primary rule to remember when playing euchre is that one is never required to play the trump suit (unless that is the one that is led), but one is required to follow suit if possible to do so: if diamonds are led, a player with diamonds is required to play a diamond. Calling round (Naming trump) [ ] Once the cards are dealt and the top card on the kitty is turned over, the upturned card's suit is offered as trump to the players in clockwise order beginning with the player to the left of the dealer (called the 'eldest'). Team members are generally discouraged or explicitly forbidden to discuss their preferred choice(s) of trump, categorized as a part of the rules for. If a player wishes the proposed suit to be named trump, he orders up the card and the dealer adds that card to his hand. It is usually more advantageous to the dealer's team to select trump in this way, as the dealer necessarily gains one trump card. The dealer must then also discard a card face down from their hand in order to return his hand to a total of five cards. This discard is an important tactical decision, as the dealer can potentially create a 'void' or 'short suit' in their hand, where they lack any cards of a particular suit. That would allow them to play a trump card instead of being forced to follow that voided suit when it is led (see the later section on winning tricks and 'two-suited' in Terminology). If the player instead opts to pass, the option proceeds to the player to the left until either a player orders the card up or all players have passed. If all players pass, the top card is turned face down and that suit may no longer be chosen as trump. Trump selection proceeds clockwise beginning with the player to the left of the dealer where the player may name a suit different from that of the previous up-card as trump, or they may pass. No card is ordered up in this round. If all players pass again, it is declared a misdeal. The deal passes to the player on the previous dealer's left who reshuffles and deals a new hand. (A variation called 'Stick the Dealer' also referred to as 'hanging' or 'screwing' the dealer is sometimes played, where the dealer is forced to call trump in this situation.) The team that selects trump is known as the makers for the remainder of the hand, and the opposing team is known as the defenders. The makers must take at least three of the five tricks in the hand in order to avoid being euchred. Winning tricks [ ] The player to the dealer's left begins play by leading any card of any suit. The player may lead with trump. Play continues in clockwise order; each player must follow suit if they have a card of the suit led. The left bower is considered a member of the trump suit and not a member of its native suit. The player who played the highest card of the suit led wins the trick, unless trump is played, then the highest trump card wins the trick. Players who play neither the suit led nor trump cannot win the trick. The player that won the trick collects the played cards from the table and then leads the next trick. After all five tricks have been played, the hand is scored. The player to the left of the previous dealer then deals the next hand, and the deal moves clockwise around the table until one partnership scores 10 points and wins the game. Going alone [ ] If the player bidding (making trump) has an exceptionally good hand, the player making trump has the option of playing without their partner. If the bidder playing alone wins all five tricks in the hand, the team scores four points. 'Going alone', 'going solo', or 'playing a lone hand' is initiated at the time the bidder orders the upturned card on the kitty to the dealer or names a suit. The bidder signifies their desire to play alone by saying so after bidding. The bidder must make this call before play begins. During a loner or lone hand, the bidder's partner discards their cards, and does not participate in play of the hand. In some regional variants (see below), if the dealer's partner 'calls them up' (on the turned up card), they are obliged to go alone for that hand. Defending Alone: If a player chooses to make trump, the defending team can choose to go alone. If all five tricks are taken by the defending team, the defending team will receive 4 points. In most Canadian variations this is not allowed and only the team choosing trump may decide to 'go alone'. The odds of success of a loner bid depend on the lay of the cards and the inactive cards held by the bidder's partner. Nine cards out of twenty-four do not participate in play, making the hand less predictable than otherwise. A hand consisting of the top five cards of the trump suit is mathematically unbeatable from any position; this is sometimes referred to as a lay-down, as a player with such a hand may often simply lay all five cards on the table at once. Scoring [ ] Scoring in euchre Event Points Bidding partnership ( makers) wins 3 or 4 tricks 1 Bidding partnership ( makers) wins 5 tricks 2 Bidder goes alone and wins 3 or 4 tricks 1 Bidder goes alone and wins 5 tricks 4 Defenders win 3 or more tricks 2 Defender goes alone and wins 3 or more tricks (regional) 4 The first team to score 10 (sometimes 5, 7, 11, or 15) points wins the game. Some players choose to play win by two where there is no winner until a team has more than 10 points and 2 points more than the other team. Winning a game 10–0 is known as skunking. Score keeping [ ] Scores are kept by using two otherwise unused cards, typically the four and six cards, with each team using the fours and sixes of the same color. Scoring begins using one card face up, covered by the other card face down. Upon winning points, the top card is moved to reveal the appropriate number of suit symbols on the bottom card. After all points are revealed on the lower card, the top card is flipped over, showing pips on both cards to indicate the score. A variation of score keeping in Western New York involves using the twos and threes of the same suit. Scoring starts with counting the symbols on the cards, for points 1 to 4; at 5, the cards are turned over and crossed. Crossing the cards indicates 5 points. Points 6 to 9 are counted similarly by counting the number of suit symbols showing and adding them to the 5, if cards are crossed. In Canada it is common for each team to use two 5s of the same color to keep score, making one team red and the other black. The 5s are usually referred to as counting cards in this situation. The explanation for why a visual score is kept is due to euchre traditionally being a game played late at night or by people who have been drinking, which is also shown by cheating and stealing the deal not being discouraged. Betting [ ] When placing bets on a euchre game, betting takes place after the trump is determined, and before the first card is played on that trick. Betting can start with an or forced bet. The defenders can either check on the bid and bid nothing, thereby likely losing their ante, call the bid, or if they feel confident that they can euchre - raise the bid. Once a bet has been settled by a call on the bid, the trick plays out, with the winners of the bet adding that bet to their pot. After the game has been won, the winning team then splits the pot between the two winners and the game can end there, or variants can be played over multiple games. Betting in euchre can also be done on a per trick basis or a per point basis. At the end of the game, the losing team owes the winning team the difference in points based on the monetary value set per point. Table talking [ ] Communicating with one's partner to influence their play, called or cross-boarding, is considered cheating, which should be emphasized to new players. This can include code words, secret gestures, or other forms of cooperative play in which one player can inform his partner what he holds in his hand or what the partner should play in a trick or call when choosing trump. Depending on house rules, table talk can result in replaying of a hand or awarding of a point to the team calling out the infraction. Some variations allow (or at least accept the inevitability of) the minor non-verbal communication in that a player may hesitate before passing on trump selection to signal to his partner that his cards are helpful to the offered trump, but are not sufficient to guarantee a win. Conversely, the player may pass quickly or blatantly to indicate their cards are very poor for the available trump choice (possibly indicating their partner should go alone if they select that trump). This adds an additional element of strategy in that players may bluff a quick pass or hesitation to trick their opponents into calling or declining the offered trump; however, this can naturally backfire by confusing the player's own teammate. Depending on the play group, couples or good friends may be purposely split onto opposing teams because of the perceived advantage they may have reading one another as teammates. Reneging [ ] If a player does not follow suit when he is able to (usually by playing a trump card instead), it is considered a and cheating, and the opposing team is rewarded two points if it is caught in later tricks of the same hand. However reneges can also be unintentional, where a player misreads some of his/her cards, most commonly by misinterpreting the left bauer as being of its native suit, but are still callable by opponents as reneging. In some variants reneging when a player or his opponent is going alone may result in a penalty of four points in order to equalize the potential values of a hand. Usually reneging on purpose is considered cheating and is strongly discouraged among communities that consider cheating and/or lying to be unethical. Players caught repeatedly reneging on purpose are often ostracized from future card playing events. The four point penalty for reneging should apply equally for the maker of trump and the opposing team. Variations [ ]. Shows three men, Jack the black packer, 'Harry my friend' the digger and Ah Sin the Chinese fossicker playing euchre. No Trump: After the first round (once the kitty's top card has been turned down), 'No trump' may be called. The first card played for each trick establishes that trick's suit, with normal deck order (ace high) taking precedence. Stick The Dealer/Screw The Dealer: The dealer must call trump at the end of the second round and is unable to declare a misdeal. Going Under/Bottoms/Farmer's Hand: A player having a hand with at least three 9 or 10 cards of any suit, can exchange three of these cards with the three unknown cards in the kitty. This must be performed before trump has been selected. Another variant of the 'farmer's hand' rules states that if a player receives all nines and tens, they may call for a redeal. The dealer may not exercise this option (because they pick up the card from the kitty). Turn down a Bauer: When a dealer turns down a jack it is referred to as turning down a Bauer and is seen as bad luck as in the rhyme 'turn down a bauer lose(cry) for an hour. In some variations a player may not call trump solely with a Jack and must have another card of the same suit if they wish to call it, sometimes this only applies to the dealer. If a player is caught doing this it is often treated as a renege. Robson Rules: When a team wins all five tricks (normally or via alone hand), they may choose to reduce the opposing team's score (by 2 or 4, respectively) instead of adding to their own score. Additionally, if the dealer turns up a jack on the kitty, they may elect to go alone without seeing the rest of their hand. If all tricks are won via this 'blind loner' hand, 5 points are awarded instead of the usual 4, but a failure to win all tricks earns the defenders 1 point. This rule set was named for 4-time Northern Michigan regional tournament runner-up champion James Robson. No ace no face no trump: If a player is dealt a hand which once trump is called contains no aces, face cards, or the suit which is trump they may reveal their hand before cards have been played stating no ace no face no trump and all players must throw their cards in and the hand is re-dealt. Three-Handed Euchre (Euchre for three players): Three-Handed Euchre is played like 24 - card Euchre, with the following changes: • Players play alone, rather than in teams. • Each player plays to ten points, and keeps their own score (use four and six cards) • Seven cards are dealt to each player, leaving three in the kitty (Top card is still turned up). • The person who makes trump is the 'maker.' Both other players are 'defenders,' but still compete for tricks. • If the 'maker' takes 4 tricks, they receive 1 point. If the maker takes 6 tricks, they receives 2 points. Taking all 7 tricks gives the maker 4 points. • If the maker does not take 4 tricks, they are euchred (set). The defender who took the most tricks will then receive two points. If both defenders took an equal number of tricks, they each take one point. Many of these variations are specific to a particular region. In Australia and New Zealand, playing to 11 rather than 10 points is common. In south western England, Cornwall and Guernsey, variations with a joker as highest trump are played. In Ontario and parts of NZ and in the British and Australian version of the game, after the dealer turns up the top card on the kitty if the first player to the left passes and the dealer's partner would like to order up the dealer, the dealer's partner must play alone. Terminology [ ]. This section possibly contains. Please by the claims made and adding. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2013) () Euchre terminology varies greatly from region to region, and is highly colloquial. Some examples include: • Euchre/Getting 'Set': Occurs when the opposing team wins more tricks than the team who called the suit. • Farmer's Hand/Poor Man's Hand/Bottom Hand/Grandma's Hand: Certain weak hands (usually those containing no face cards, either three 10 cards or three 9 cards) are designated as 'farmer's hands' or 'bottoms'. After inspecting the hand dealt, a player may call out 'farmer's hand' and is then allowed to show the three cards in question and exchange them for the three unexposed cards in the kitty (also called 'going under' or 'under the table'). • Ace No Face: Similar to 'farmers hand'. In ace no face the player must have one ace and all nines and tens in his hand. The player then call 'ace no face' and exchange three of his cards for the bottom three (must be called before the first card of the beginning trick has been laid). • Euchre Bustle: Name for a tournament of Euchre (used in USA northern midwest). • Lay-Down: A hand that will automatically win all five tricks if played in the correct order; ex. A Dutchman (both bowers and Ace of trump) plus, the king and queen of that suit, any other two trump cards, or one more trump card and an off-trump ace (when that player has the lead). Also called a Loner, or Lone Wolf, because a player with such a hand will typically opt to go alone. May also refer to any set of cards that are often played simultaneously when the player knows he will win all the tricks he lays for. This however may only be done within the same suit without giving up a slight advantage to the other players. • Screw the Dealer or Stick the Dealer: An optional rule that states that if trump is failed to be called it must be called by the dealer, who is last to act. Mainly used as a method to speed up the game, as it eliminates throw-in hands. • Trump the Partner: Refers to a situation where the last player plays the card that wins a trick that his partner would have otherwise won. Usually refers to a situation where the partner has an Ace that follows suit and the player plays a trump card, but playing a higher trump or non-trump than the partner's qualifies. It is generally accepted strategy to throw a low off-suit card rather than a trump when the partner is guaranteed to win the trick otherwise. • Loner Range: When a team reaches 6 points they are referred to as 'In Loner Range' because they need 4 or less points (A successful loner is worth 4 points) to reach 10 points and secure the victory. Alternatively, it can also be used to describe being 4 points away from the opposing team. For example, when it is 4 to 8, the losing team is in 'Longer Range' from the winning team. Throwing in: Due to there being no reward for winning four of the five hands it is often customary for the leading player of the offensive team to throw the remainder of their cards into the center once three tricks have been assured but five is impossible because one trick has already been won by the opposing team or they are certain that all the tricks cannot be won.(e.g. A right bauer was ordered up but has not been played once three tricks have been won), the cards are thrown face up to show the opposing team the inevitability of their winning three tricks or the impossibility of winning all. See also [ ] • • • • • • • References [ ]. • Oxford Dictionary of Card Games, David Parlett - pg.104 • The Everything Card Games Book: A Complete Guide to Over 50 Games, p. 128, Nikki Katz • Notes and Queries: A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc. • • Oxford Dictionary of Card Games, David Parlett, pg. 124 • The law and practice of the games of euchre, p. 26, Charles Henry Wharton Meehan - Peterson & Brothers, 1862 • Schossow, Breann (February 21, 2014).. Wisconsin Life.. Retrieved June 27, 2017. • Safire's political dictionary, p. 283, William Safire - Oxford University Press American politicians have been either proud of themselves or critical of others for 'going it alone' since about 1850, when card players began using this phrase to designate a player's decision to take in his tricks without the help of his partner. It may only be called by the person declaring trump, not their partner. • • Phillips, Hubert & Westall, B. 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